Copolymerization of propylene oxide and carbon dioxide and homopolymerization of propylene oxide

ABSTRACT

Copolymers of propylene oxide and carbon dioxide and homopolymers of propylene oxide are made using two dimensional double metal cyanide complexes having the formula Co[M(CN) 4 ] or hydrated or partially dehydrated form thereof. There is no propylene carbonate by product in the copolymerization.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationNo. 60/839,682, filed Aug. 24, 2006, the whole of which is incorporatedherein by reference.

This invention was made at least in part with U.S. Government supportunder NSF grant numbers CHE-0243605 and DMR-0079992. The Government hascertain rights in the invention.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention is directed to homopolymerization of propylene oxide andcopolymerization of propylene oxide and carbon dioxide, using doublemetal cyanide catalysts.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Zinc hexacyanometalates have been used for epoxide/carbon dioxidecopolymerization. A drawback to these catalysts is that undesiredby-product propylene carbonate (requiring purification) is also formedunless such low temperatures are utilized that catalyst activity issignificantly reduced.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It has been discovered herein that tetracyanometallate containing doublemetal cyanide complexes readily catalyzed the copolymerization ofpropylene oxide and carbon dioxide without the formation of propylenecarbonate. These complexes are also functional to catalyze thehomopolymerization of propylene oxide.

In one embodiment of the invention herein, denoted the first embodiment,the invention is directed to a method for the non-alternatingcopolymerization of rac-propylene oxide or enantomerically enrichedpropylene oxide and carbon dioxide to produce

where x ranges from 1.0 to 0.46 and M_(n) ranges from 500 to 500,000g/mol, e.g. 10,000 to 500,000 g/mol. This method comprises the step ofcopolymerizing rac-propylene oxide or enantomerically enriched propyleneoxide and carbon dioxide in the presence of a catalytically effectiveamount of a double metal cyanide complex containing atetracyanometallate moiety, e.g., anhydrous Co[M(CN)₄] where M isselected from the group consisting of Ni, Pd and Pt and combinationsthereof, or hydrated or partially dehydrated form thereof.

In another embodiment of the invention herein, denoted the secondembodiment, the invention is directed to a method for thehomopolymerization of rac-propylene oxide or enantomerically enrichedpropylene oxide, comprising the step of polymerizing rac-propylene oxideor enantomerically enriched propylene oxide in the presence of acatalytically effective amount of a double metal cyanide complexcontaining a tetracyanometallate moiety, e.g., anhydrous Co[M(CN)₄]where M is selected from the group consisting of Ni, Pd and Pt andcombinations thereof, to produce poly(propylene oxide) having M_(n)ranging from 500 to 250,000 g/mol.

In another embodiment of the invention, denoted the third embodiment,the invention is directed to a method of preparing Co[M(CN)₄] comprisingreacting cobalt salt, preferably Co(SO₄), and K₂[M(CN)₄] to formhydrated Co[M(CN)₄] and dehydrating the hydrated Co[M(CN)₄] to produceanhydrous Co[M(CN)₄] where M is selected from the group consisting ofNi, Pt and Pd.

In another embodiment herein, denoted the fourth embodiment, theinvention is directed to the method of preparing anhydrous Co[M(CN)₄],where M is selected from the group consisting of Ni, Pt, and Pd,comprising the step of dehydrating microcrystallineCo(H₂O)₂[M(CN)₄].4H₂O. As used herein the term microcrystalline meanshaving crystal dimensions less than 1.0 mm in the narrowest dimension.

In another embodiment herein, denoted the fifth embodiment, theinvention is directed at Co[Pt(CN)₄].

In still another embodiment herein, denoted the sixth embodiment, theinvention is directed at Co[Pd(CN)₄].

In still another embodiment, denoted the seventh embodiment, theinvention is directed to a method for non-alternating copolymerizationof

where R in (I) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,C₂-C₁₈-alkyl, C₆-C₁₈-aryl, C₁-C₂₀ halide (e.g., F, I, Cl, Br) containingalkyl, and C₁-C₂₀ oxygen-containing alkyl, and

carbon dioxide (II),

comprising the step of copolymerizing (I) and (II) in the presence of acatalytically effective amount of double metal cyanide complexcontaining a tetracyanometallate moiety, to producepolyether-polycarbonate having the formula

where x ranges from 1.0 to 0.46 and M_(n) of (III) ranges from 500 to500,000 g/mol, e.g., 10,000 to 500,000 g/mol.

In another embodiment herein, denoted the eighth embodiment, theinvention is directed to a method for homopolymerization of

where R in (I) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,C₂-C₁₈-alkyl, C₆-C₁₈-aryl, C₁-C₂₀ halide (e.g., F, I, Cl, Br) containingalkyl, and C₁-C₂₀ oxygen-containing alkyl, comprising the step ofpolymerizing (I) in the presence of a double metal cyanide complexcontaining a tetracyanometallate moiety to produce poly(substitutedethylene oxide (I)) having the formula

where R is as defined above, and M_(n) ranges from 500 to 250,000 g/mol.

The term “tetracyanometallate moiety” is used herein to refer to metalsurrounded by and bound to four cyanides where the metal is bound to thecarbon atoms of the cyanide ligands.

The term “enantomerically enriched propylene oxide is used herein tomean propylene oxide where the ratio of enantiomers is not 50:50.

Alternating polymerization provides A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B, etc. where Arepresents propylene oxide unit (PO unit) and B a CO₂ unit, i.e., thereare no adjacent propylene oxide units. In non-alternatingpolymerization, the product contains adjacent propylene oxide units.

In many cases there are more PC units than PO units. PO/CO₂ copolymers,with approximately 15% carbonate units are considered to be soluble insupercritical CO₂ apparently because of surfactant functionality.(Sarbu, J., et al., Nature 405, 165-168 (2000)).

As used herein M_(n), M_(w) and M_(w)/M_(n) (PDI) are determined by gelpermeation chromatography calibrated with polystyrene standards intetrahydrofuran at 40° C.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Elements of the invention and working examples are found in Robertson,N. J., et al., Dalton Trans., 2006, 5390-5395 and ElectronicSupplementary Information, pages S1-S10, the whole of both of which areincorporated herein by reference.

We turn firstly to the catalyst.

The catalyst for the first embodiment has the formula Co[M(CN)₄] where Mis selected from the group consisting of Ni, Pt and Pd and combinationsthereof. For the first embodiment the catalyst can be in hydrated form,e.g., Co(H₂O)₂[M(CN)₄].4H₂O, partially dehydrated form, e.g.,Co(H₂O)₂[M(CN)₄], or anhydrous form, i.e., Co[M(CN)₄].

The catalyst for the second embodiment has the formula Co[M(CN)₄] whereM is selected from the group consisting of Ni, Pd and Pt andcombinations thereof, in the anhydrous form, i.e., homopolymerizationwas obtained with the anhydrous form but not with the hydrated orpartially dehydrated forms.

The catalysts are prepared by forming hydrated form using a modifiedprocedure of that described in Niu, T., Crisci, G., Lu, T. and Jacobson,A. J., Acta Cryst., Sect. C, 54, 565-567 (1998), the whole of which isincorporated herein by reference. An aqueous solution of K₂[M(CN)₄] isreacted with aqueous solution of Co^(II)-based salt to produceCo(H₂O)₂[M(CN)₄].4H₂O. The use of Co(SO₄) was used in place of theCo(SCN)₂ used by Jacobson. It was found that the use of Co(SO₄) in thissynthesis yields the Co[M(CN)₄] complexes with higher activities in theas made form, i.e., without extensive washing, that is higher than whenthe complexes were made utilizing other cobalt sources. For example,when Co(SCN)₂ is used, extensive washing is required to obtain the sameactivity as when Co(SO₄) is used without extensive washing, and whenCoCl₂ is used, extensive washing is required to prevent chloridepoisoning of the active catalyst. Vacuum filtering of reaction productyields hydrated catalyst. Drying in vacuo for a protractice time, e.g.,overnight, gives anhydrous catalyst. Drying in vacuo for a short time,e.g., 1 hour, gives partially dehydrated catalyst.

The starting materials K₂[Ni(CN)₄], K₂[Pt(CN)₄] and K₂[Pd(CN)₄] are allcommercially available.

Working Example I, hereinafter, is directed to preparation ofCo(H₂O)₂[Ni(CN)₄].4H₂O and Co[Ni(CN)₄]. Working Example II, hereinafter,is directed to synthesis of Co[Pt(CN)₄] and Co[Pd(CN)₄].

We turn now to reaction conditions for the first embodiment besides thedescription of the catalyst.

The mole ratio of propylene oxide charged to catalyst charged PO:Co moleratio basis, can range, for example, from 100:1 to 100,000:1, e.g.,100:1 to 5000:1, e.g., 500:1 to 2000:1.

The carbon dioxide pressure can range, for example, from ambientpressure (e.g., 1 atmosphere) to 1500 psig. When the carbon dioxidepressure is greater than 1 atmosphere, e.g., is 800 psig, the pressuredefines the amount of carbon dioxide. When the carbon dioxide pressureis ambient, the amount of carbon dioxide is provided by the headspace inthe reactor, e.g., 200 to 1000 ml. When the pressure is increased, theamount of carbonate units increases but catalyst activity decreases,

The copolymerization can be carried out neat (without other solvent,i.e., the liquid propylene oxide acts as the reaction medium) or inhydrocarbon solvent, e.g., toluene or xylene.

In runs carried out, copolymerizations were carried out neat and intoluene.

The temperature at which the copolymerization is carried out, can range,for example from 10° C. to 150° C., e.g., 25 to 135° C. Catalystactivity increases with increasing temperature. Longer reaction time canaccommodate for lower temperature.

Reaction times range, for example, from 15 minutes to 5 days, e.g. 30minutes to 30 hours. A representative copolymerization procedure is asfollows: A 100 mL Parr autoclave equipped with a mechanical stirrer isdried under vacuum at 80° C. for 2 h and then transferred to a drybox tocool to 22° C. Co[Ni(CN)₄] (10.0 mg, 0.0450 mmol) is put into a glasssleeve in the autoclave. Toluene (8.0 mL) and PO (8.0 mL, 0.11 mol) wereadded under nitrogen via an injection port. The autoclave is pressurizedto 34.0 atm and then heated to 90° C. over 20 min. During this time thepressure increases to the desired 54.4 atm. If the CO₂ pressure is lowerthan desired once heating is complete, additional CO₂ is added to reachthe desired pressure. The total reaction time from initial pressurizingis 1 h. The autoclave is cooled and vented to yield a large polymermass, which was dissolved in CHCl₃ to ensure the same was homogeneousbefore taking an aliquot for ¹H NMR analysis. The solvent is removed byrotary evaporation and the resulting polymer is dried in vacuo at 50° C.to a constant weight to determine polymer yield (4.77 g, 60%). Theresulting polymer is dissolved in toluene and treated with 10% aqueousNH₄OH(20 mL) to remove the catalyst and then dried in vacua to aconstant mass.

Working examples of copolymerization are given in Working ExamplesIII-XVI hereinafter.

In all cases the copolymers formed are regioregular and atactic asdetermined by ¹³C{¹H}NMR spectroscopy and are amorphous.

M_(n) can range, for example, from 500 to 500,000 g/mol, e.g., 10,000 to500,000 g/mol or 15,000 to 250,000 g/mol, with M_(w)/M_(n) (PDI)ranging, for example, from 1.9 to 5.8, usually about 2.0 to 4.0. TheM_(n) can be reduced by an order of magnitude, e.g., to 500 to 25,000 or5,000 g/mole, by addition of chain transfer agent (CTA), e.g., alcohol,e.g., methanol, glycerol or polyhydroxy compound such as PG425 polyol(which is polypropylene glycol of molecular weight of 425 g/mol, orcarboxylic acid, e.g., acetic acid., into the reaction mixture, e.g., inan amount of 1 to 500 equivalents of CTA versus Co(Ni(CN)₄]. Nopropylene carbonate formation was observed in ¹H NMR spectroscopicanalysis in any of the runs carried out.

We turn now to the second embodiment.

The catalyst and its preparation is described above.

The mole ratio of propylene oxide charged to catalyst charged, canrange, for example, from 100:1 to 5000:1. Working examples were carriedout at 2530:1 PO:Co mole ratio.

The polymerization is readily carried out at ambient pressure.

The reaction can be carried out neat (i.e., without other solvent andthe liquid propylene oxide acts as the reaction medium) or in thesolvents described for the first embodiment.

Temperatures at which homopolymerization can be carried out range, forexample, from 10° C. to 150° C., e.g. 50-100° C.

Times at which the homopolymerization is carried out, ranges, forexample, from 15 minutes to 5 days, e.g. 30 minutes to 24 hours.

Working Example XVII is directed to the homopolymerization reaction.

The homopolymers formed have M_(n) ranging from 500 to 500,000 g/mol,e.g., 10,000 to 500,000 g/mol or e.g., about 40,000 to 200,000 g/mol,with PDI ranging from 1.5 to 5, e.g., 1.9 to 2.5. The M_(n) can bereduced by an order of magnitude, e.g., to 500 to 25,000 or 5,000g/mole, by addition of chain transfer agent, e.g., those mentioned asCTAs above, into the reaction mixture, e.g., in an amount of 1 to 500equivalents of CTA versus Co(Ni(CN)₄].

The homopolymers formed are regioregular and atactic and are amorphous.

The copolymers and homopolymers made herein are useful for polyurethanesynthesis and the polyurethanes are useful as materials for forming foamcushions.

We turn now to the third embodiment.

As indicated above, the use of Co(SO₄) as the cobalt salt results in asmade catalyst with much higher activity than when other cobalt salts,e.g., CoCl₂ or Co(SCN)₂ are used. Catalysts made with other saltsrequire extensive washing, e.g., multiple washings of the complex onfilter paper with water, for the same activity. The higher activity ismanifested by amount of polymer formed per amount of catalyst beinghigher in a given amount of time.

We turn now to the fourth embodiment.

Microcrystalline hydrated catalyst is better as a starting compound fordehydration because it has a higher surface area than larger crystallinehydrated catalyst.

We turn now to the fifth embodiment.

Co[Pt(CN)₄] can be prepared as described above starting with K₂[Pt(CN)₄]which is commercially available.

We turn now to the sixth embodiment.

Co[Pd(CN)₄] can be prepared as described above starting with K₂[Pd(CN)₄]which is commercially available. It catalyzes more CO₂ incorporationthan does Co[Ni(CN)₄] at the same conditions.

We turn now to the seventh embodiment. A species of this is the methodof the first embodiment.

We turn now to the eighth embodiment. A species of this is the method ofthe second embodiment.

The complex used as catalyst for the seventh and eighth embodiments ispreferably Co[M(CN)₄], e.g., where M is Ni.

The invention is illustrated by the following working examples.

WORKING EXAMPLE I Preparation of Co[Ni(CN)₄]

The complex Co(H₂O)₂[Ni(CN)₄].4H₂O was prepared using a modifiedprocedure of Niu et al., cited above, substituting CoSO₄ for Co(SCN)₂.With vigorous stirring, 10 mL of a 0.23 M aqueous K₂[Ni(CN)₄] solutionand 10 mL of a 0.23 M aqueous CoSO₄ solution were mixed. A pinkprecipitate instantly formed, and an additional 10 mL of distilled waterwere added to reduce the viscosity of the suspension. The mixture wasstirred vigorously for 1 h and then vacuum filtered to yield a pinkmicrocrystalline material. The powder X-ray data of this complex matchedthe calculated data for Co(H₂O)₂Ni(CN)₄.4H₂O. The complex was dried invacuo at 60° C. for 10 h yielding the deep purple solid Co[Ni(CN)₄](0.42 g, 83%) that was subsequently ground into a powder with a mortarand pestle and then used in polymerizations. Thermogravimetric andelemental analyses revealed that >97% of the inter-layer water moleculeswere removed.

WORKING EXAMPLE II Preparation of Co[M(CN)₄] Where M=Pd Or Pt

The analogous complexes Co[Pd(CN)₄] and Co[Pt(CN)₄] were prepared usingthe same procedure as used in Working Example I for Co[Ni(CN)₄]. In eachcase, with vigorous stirring 10 mL of a 0.23 M aqueous K₂[M(CN₄)]solution and 10 mL of a 0.23 M aqueous CoSO₄ solution were mixed and apink precipitate instantly formed. In each case an additional 10 mL ofdistilled water was added, followed by vigorous stirring for 1 hour andvacuum filtering to recover product. Isolated yields were 89 and 84%,respectively. Thin pink-orange plates of Co(H₂O)₂[Pd(CN)₄].4H₂O forX-ray analysis were obtained by layering a solution of CoCl₂.6H₂O inethanol onto a solution of K₂[Pd(CN)₄].3H₂O in water and storing in asealed test-tube at 22° C. for a period of two weeks.

WORKING EXAMPLE III Copolymerization Using Co[Ni(CN₄)]

The representative copolymerization procedure described above was variedas necessary to provide the conditions following. The catalyst wasanhydrous Co[Ni(CN)₄]. Copolymerization was carried out for 1 hr with 16mL of 7.1 M rac-PO in toluene, [PO]/[Co]=2530. Initial CO₂ pressure was34 atm. The autoclave was heated to 130° C. The CO₂ pressure increasedto 54.4 atm. Copolymer yield on drying in vacuo at 50° C. for 8 hourswas 5.57 g. The carbonate fraction determined by ¹H NMR spectroscopy(CDCl₃, 300 MHz) referenced versus non-deuterated solvent shifts (¹H,CHCl₃, δ 7.25) f_(co2) was 0.20. The propylene oxide conversion (equalto polymer mass/(0.114 mol PO)[102×_(fco2)+(58×(1−_(fco2))] was 73%. Theturnover frequency, i.e. TOF, was 1860 where TOF equals (mole PO)·(moleCo)⁻¹·h⁻¹. M_(n) was 74,300 g/mol. M_(w)/M_(n) was 3.1. No propylenecarbonate was observed.

WORKING EXAMPLE IV Copolymerization Using Co[Ni(CN₄)]

The procedure used in Working Example III was followed except thetemperature of reaction was 110° C. Copolymer yield was 5.39 g. Thef_(co2) was 0.22. The conversion of PO was 70%. TOF was 1770. M_(n) was84,100 g/mol. M_(w)/M_(n) was 2.9. No propylene carbonate was observed.

WORKING EXAMPLE V Copolymerization Using Co[Ni(CN)₄)]

The procedure used in Working Example III was followed except that thetemperature of reaction was 90° C. Copolymer yield was 4.77 g. Thef_(co2) was 0.27. The conversion of PO was 60%. TOF was 1510. M_(n) was86,000 g/mol. M_(w)/M_(n) was 2.8. No propylene carbonate was observed.

In another case reaction was carried out as above except that thereaction was run in 8.0 mL neat rac-PO and the reaction time was 2hours. Copolymer yield was 2.95 g. The f_(co2) was 0.25. The conversionof PO was 37%. TOF was 470. M_(n) was 3,000 g/mol. M_(w)/M_(n) was 7.1.No propylene carbonate was observed.

WORKING EXAMPLE VI Copolymerization Using Co[Ni(CN)4]

The procedure used in Working Example III was followed except thetemperature of reaction was 70° C. Copolymer yield was 3.79 g. Thef_(co2) was 0.3. The conversion of PO was 46%. TOF was 1170. M_(n) was152,000 g/mol. M_(w)/M_(n) was 3.7. No propylene carbonate was observed.

WORKING EXAMPLE VII Copolymerization Using Co[Ni(CN)₄]

The procedure used in Working Example III was followed except thetemperature of reaction was 50° C. Copolymer yield was 1.29 g. Thef_(co2) was 0.36. The conversion of PO was 15%. TOF was 390. M_(n) was163,000 g/mol. M_(w)/M_(n) was 5.8. No propylene carbonate was observed.

WORKING EXAMPLE VIII Copolymerization Using Co[Ni(CN)₄]

The procedure used in Working Example III was followed except thetemperature of reaction was 30° C. and the reaction time was 5 days.Copolymer yield was 7.19 g. The f_(co2) was 0.56. The propylene oxideconversion was 76%. TOF was 16. M_(n) was 148,000 g/mol. M_(w)/M_(n) was5.1. No propylene carbonate was observed.

WORKING EXAMPLE IX Copolymerization Using Co[Ni(CN)₄]

The procedure used in Working Example III was followed except thetemperature of reaction was 70° C. and the CO₂ pressure after heatingwas 81.6 atm. Copolymer yield was 1.81 g. The f_(co2) was 0.38. Thepropylene oxide conversion was 21%. TOF was 540. M_(n) was 152,000g/mol. M_(w)/M_(n) was 4.3. No propylene carbonate was observed.

WORKING EXAMPLE X Copolymerization Using Co[Ni(CN)₄]

The procedure used in Working Example III was followed except thetemperature of reaction was 70° C. and the CO₂ pressure after heatingwas 68.0 atm. Copolymer yield was 2.57 g. The f_(co2) was 0.35. Thepropylene oxide conversion was 31%. TOF was 780. M_(n) was 233,000g/mol. M_(w)/M_(n) was 4.8. No propylene carbonate was observed.

WORKING EXAMPLE XI Copolymerization Using Co[Ni(CN)₄]

The procedure used in Working Example III was followed except thetemperature of reaction was 70° C. and the CO₂ pressure after heatingwas 40.8 atm. Copolymer yield was 3.92 g. The f_(co2) was 0.27. Thepropylene oxide conversion was 44%. TOF was 1250. M_(n) was 116,000g/mol. M_(w)/M_(n) was 3.5. No propylene carbonate was observed.

WORKING EXAMPLE XII Copolymerization Using Co[Ni(CN)₄]

The procedure used in Working Example III was followed except thetemperature of reaction was 70° C. and the CO₂ pressure after heatingwas 27.2 atm. The copolymer yield was 3.74 g. The f_(co2) was 0.23. Thepropylene oxide conversion was 48%. TOF was 1220. M_(n) was 111,000g/mol. M_(w)/M_(n) was 2.6. No propylene carbonate was observed.

WORKING EXAMPLE XIII Copolymerization Using Co[Ni(CN)₄]

The procedure used in Working Example III was followed except thetemperature of reaction was 70° C. and the CO₂ pressure after heatingwas 13.6 atm. The copolymer yield was 3.82 g. The f_(co2) was 0.16. Thepropylene oxide conversion was 51%. TOF was 1300. M_(n) was 222,000g/mol. M_(w)/M_(n) was 3.8. No propylene carbonate was observed.

WORKING EXAMPLE XIV Copolymerization Using Co[Pd(CN)₄]

The procedure used in Working Example III was followed except thecatalyst was anhydrous Co[Pd(CN)₄], the reaction temperature was 90° C.and the reaction time was 24 hours. The CO₂ pressure after heating was54.4 atm. The copolymer yield was 1.47 g. The f_(co2) was 0.43. Thepropylene oxide conversion was 17%. TOF was 18. M_(n) was 25,600 g/mol.M_(w)/M_(n) was 3.6. No propylene carbonate was observed.

WORKING EXAMPLE XV Copolymerization Using Co[Pt(CN)₄]

The procedure used in Working Example III was followed except thecatalyst was anhydrous Co[Pt(CN)₄], the reaction temperature was 90° C.and the reaction time was 24 hours. The CO₂ pressure after heating was54.4 atm. The copolymer yield was 1.11 g. The f_(co2) was 0.44. Thepropylene oxide conversion was 13%. TOF was 13. M_(n) was 27,900 g/mol.M_(w)/M_(n) was 3.7. No propylene carbonate was observed.

WORKING EXAMPLE XVI Copolymerizations Using Co[Ni(CN)4} Made UsingVarious Cobalt Salts

Complexes were prepared as in Working Example I except that Co(NO₃)₂,Co(BF₄)₂, CoCl₂, and (CoSCN)₂ were used in place of CoSO₄. The preparedcomplexes were screened using the conditions of Working Example VI.Polymer masses obtained were 0.126 g of copolymer for Co(NO₃)₂, 0.765gof copolymer for Co(BF₄), 0.563 g of copolymer for CoCl₂ and 0.305 g ofcopolymer for Co(SCN)₂. Based on these screens, the method to prepareCo[Ni(CN)₄] with highest activity was for catalyst prepared using CoSO₄.

WORKING EXAMPLE XVII Homopolymerization Using Co[Ni(CN)₄]

The procedure used in Working Example III was followed except no CO₂ wasintroduced and the temperature of reaction was 70° C. The CO₂ pressureafter heating was 0 atm. The polymer yield was 5.19 g. The f_(co2) waszero. The propylene oxide conversion was 78%. TOF was 1990. M_(n) was188,000 g/mol. M_(w)/M_(n) was 3.6.

WORKING EXAMPLE XVIII Homopolymerization Using Co[Ni(CN)₄]

A 100 mL Parr autoclave equipped with a mechanical stirrer is driedunder vacuum at 80° C. for 2 h and then transferred to a drybox to coolto 22° C. Co[Ni(CN)₄] (10 mg, 0.045 mmol) is put into a glass sleeve inthe autoclave. Toluene (8 mL) and PO (8 mL, 0.1 mol) is added undernitrogen via an injection port. The autoclave is then heated to 90° C.over 20 min. The total reaction time after initial heating is 1 h. Theautoclave is cooled and vented to yield a large polymer mass, which isdissolved in CHCl₃ to ensure the same is homogeneous before taking analiquot for ¹H NMR analysis. The solvent is removed by rotaryevaporation and the resulting polymer is dried in vacuo at 50° C. to aconstant weight to determine polymer yield (6.0 g, 91%). The resultingpolymer is dissolved in toluene and treated with 10% aqueous NH₄OH (20mL) to remove the catalyst and then dried in vacuo to a constant mass.M_(n) is greater than 80,000 g/mol. M_(w)/M_(n) is greater than 2.

WORKING EXAMPLE XIX Copolymerization of Epichlorohydrin And CarbonDioxide

A 100 mL Parr autoclave equipped with a mechanical stirrer is driedunder vacuum at 80° C. for 2 h and then transferred to a drybox to coolto 22° C. Co[Ni(CN)₄] (10 mg, 0.045 mmol) is put into a glass sleeve inthe autoclave. Toluene (8 mL) and epichlorohydrin (R in (I) is —CH₂Cl)(8 mL, 0.10 mol) is added under nitrogen via an injection port. Theautoclave is pressurized to 34.0 atm and then heated to 90° C. over 20min. During this time the pressure increases to the desired 54.4 atm.The total reaction time after initial pressurizing is 24 h. Theautoclave is cooled and vented to yield a polymer mass, which isdissolved in CHCl₃ to ensure the same was homogeneous before taking analiquot for ¹H NMR analysis. The solvent is removed by rotaryevaporation and the resulting polymer is dried in vacuo at 50° C. to aconstant weight to determine polymer yield (1.1 g, 10%). The resultingpolymer is dissolved in toluene and treated with 10% aqueous NH₄OH (20mL) to remove the catalyst and then dried in vacuo to a constant mass.M_(n) is greater than 800 g/mol. M_(w)/M_(n) is greater than 2.

WORKING EXAMPLE XX Homopolymerization of Epichlorohydrin

A 100 mL Parr autoclave equipped with a mechanical stirrer is driedunder vacuum at 80° C. for 2 h and then transferred to a drybox to coolto 22° C. Co[Ni(CN)₄] (10 mg, 0.045 mmol) is put into a glass sleeve inthe autoclave. Toluene (8 mL) and epichlorohydrin (R in (I) is —CH₂C1)(8 mL, 0.10 mol) is added under nitrogen via an injection port. Theautoclave is then heated to 90° C. over 20 min. The total reaction timeafter initial heating is 24 h. The autoclave is cooled and vented toyield a polymer mass, which is dissolved in CHCl₃ to ensure the same washomogeneous before taking an aliquot for ¹H NMR analysis. The solvent isremoved by rotary evaporation and the resulting polymer is dried invacuo at 50° C. to a constant weight to determine polymer yield (1.8 g,19%). The resulting polymer is dissolved in toluene and treated with 10%aqueous NH₄OH (20 mL) to remove the catalyst and then dried in vacuo toa constant mass. M_(n) is greater than 800 g/mol. M_(w)/M_(n) is greaterthan 2.

Variations

The foregoing description of the invention has been presented describingcertain operable and preferred embodiments. It is not intended that theinvention should be so limited since variations and modificationsthereof will be obvious to those skilled in the art, all of which arewithin the spirit and scope of the invention.

1-17. (canceled)
 18. A polymer comprising formula III:

wherein R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,C₂-C₁₈-alkyl, C₆-C₁₈-aryl, C₁-C₂₀ halide-containing alkyl, and C₁-C₂₀oxygen-containing alkyl; said polymer further comprising at least oneunit of a chain transfer agent; and wherein x ranges from 1.0 to 0.46and M_(n) ranges from 500 to 250,000 g/mol.
 19. The polymer of claim 18,wherein the chain transfer agent is selected from the group consistingof an alcohol and a carboxylic acid.
 20. The polymer of claim 19,wherein the alcohol is selected from the group consisting of methanol,glycerol, and a polyhydroxy compound.
 21. The polymer of claim 20,wherein the polyhydroxy compound is polypropylene glycol.
 22. Thepolymer of claim 19, wherein the carboxylic acid is acetic acid.
 23. Thepolymer of claim 18, wherein M_(n) ranges from 500 to 25,000 g/mol. 24.The polymer of claim 18, wherein M_(n) is 500 to 5,000 g/mol.
 25. Thepolymer of claim 18, wherein R is methyl.
 26. A method of making thepolymer of claim 18 comprising polymerizing a compound of formula I:

wherein R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,C₂-C₁₈-alkyl, C₆-C₁₈-aryl, C₁-C₂₀ halide-containing alkyl, and C₁-C₂₀oxygen-containing alkyl, a chain transfer agent, and optionally carbondioxide in the presence of a catalytically effective amount Co[M(CN)₄],wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Ni, Pd, Pt, andcombinations thereof, to produce a polymer of formula III:

wherein x ranges from 1.0 to 0.46 and M_(n) of (III) ranges from 500 to250,000 g/mol.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the chain transferagent is selected from the group consisting of an alcohol and acarboxylic acid.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the alcohol isselected from the group consisting of methanol, glycerol, and apolyhydroxy compound.
 29. The method of claim 28, wherein thepolyhydroxy compound is polypropylene glycol.
 30. The method of claim27, wherein the carboxylic acid is acetic acid.
 31. The method of claim26, wherein M_(n) ranges from 500 to 25,000 g/mol.
 32. The method ofclaim 26, wherein M_(n) is 500 to 5,000 g/mol.
 33. The method of claim26, wherein R is methyl.
 34. The method of claim 26, wherein the ratioof equivalents of chain transfer agent to Co[M(CN)₄] is 1 to
 500. 35.The method of claim 26, wherein x is
 1. 36. A polymer produced by aprocess comprising polymerizing a compound of formula I:

wherein R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,C₂-C₁₈-alkyl, C₆-C₁₈-aryl, C₁-C₂₀ halide-containing alkyl, and C₁-C₂₀oxygen-containing alkyl, a chain transfer agent, and optionally carbondioxide in the presence of a catalytically effective amount Co[M(CN)₄],wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Ni, Pd, Pt, andcombinations thereof, to produce a polymer of formula III:

wherein x ranges from 1.0 to 0.46 and M_(n) of (III) ranges from 500 to250,000 g/mol.
 37. The polymer of claim 36 wherein the chain transferagent is selected from the group consisting of an alcohol and acarboxylic acid.